Surveys the sweeping changes affecting Europe from the end of the fifteenth century to the early decades of the eighteenth century. At a time when the concept of Europe itself was a nebulous idea, the book draws together common features of society from a range of different contexts throughout Europe, from Italy and Spain to Poland and Russia. Focusing on the two themes of the basic social structures of Europe over the period, and aspects of change in social attitudes, the author examines the significance of broad community-based norms and the development of social disciplines at all levels.

Drawing on the great success of his earlier works, The Iron Century (1971) and European Society, 1500-1700, as well as a large number of other recent writings, Kamen includes discussion on: European identities, frontiers and language; leisure, work and migration; religion, ritual and witchcraft; the aristocracy, the bourgeoisie and the poor; gender roles and Social discipline and absolutism.